Tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. Most tumor markers are made by normal cells as well as by cancer cells; however, they are produced at much higher levels in cancerous conditions.
A
tumor marker is a
biomarker found in
blood,
urine, or
body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of
cancer. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in
oncology
to help detect the presence of cancer. An elevated level of a tumor
marker can indicate cancer; however, there can also be other causes of
the elevation (
false positive values).
Tumor markers can be produced directly by the tumor or by non-tumor cells as a response to the presence of a tumor.
Although
mammography,
ultrasonography,
computed tomography,
magnetic resonance imaging scans, and tumor marker assays help in the
staging and treatment of the cancer, they are usually not definitive
diagnostic tests. The diagnosis is mostly confirmed by
biopsy.
Applications of Tumor markers
Detection: Screeing in asymptomatic persons.
Diagnosis: Differentiating malignant from benign conditions.
Monitoring: Predicting effect of therapy and detecting recurrent cancer.
Classification: Choosing therapy and predicting tumour behavior (prognosis).
Stagging: Defining extent of diseases.
Localization: Nuclear scanning of injected radioactive antibodies.
Therapy: Cytotoxic agents directed to marker containing cells.
| Tumor marker |
Associated tumor types |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) |
germ cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma[6] |
| CA15-3 |
breast cancer[7] |
| CA27-29 |
breast cancer[8] |
| CA19-9 |
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer.[9] |
| CA-125 |
Mainly ovarian cancer,[10] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.[11] May also increase in endometriosis.[12] |
| Calcitonin |
medullary thyroid carcinoma |
| Calretinin |
mesothelioma, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, synovial sarcoma[6] |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen |
gastrointestinal cancer, cervix cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, urinary tract cancer[6] |
| CD34 |
hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, pleomorphic lipoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans[6] |
| CD99MIC 2 |
Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour[6] |
| CD117 |
gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, seminoma[6] |
| Chromogranin |
neuroendocrine tumor[6] |
| Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21 |
bladder cancer[13] |
| Cytokeratin (various types: TPA, TPS, Cyfra21-1) |
Many types of carcinoma, some types of sarcoma[6] |
| Desmin |
smooth muscle sarcoma, skeletal muscle sarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma[6] |
| Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) |
many types of carcinoma, meningioma, some types of sarcoma[6] |
| Factor VIII, CD31 FL1 |
vascular sarcoma[6] |
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) |
glioma (astrocytoma, ependymoma)[6] |
| Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) |
breast cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland cancer[6] |
| HMB-45 |
melanoma, PEComa (for example angiomyolipoma), clear cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma[6] |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell tumor, choriocarcinoma[6] |
| immunoglobulin |
lymphoma, leukemia[6] |
| inhibin |
sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, hemangioblastoma[6] |
| keratin (various types) |
carcinoma, some types of sarcoma[6] |
| lymphocyte marker (various types |
lymphoma, leukemia[6] |
| MART-1 (Melan-A) |
melanoma, steroid-producing tumors (adrenocortical carcinoma, gonadal tumor)[6] |
| Myo D1 |
rhabdomyosarcoma, small, round, blue cell tumour[6] |
| muscle-specific actin (MSA) |
myosarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)[6] |
| neurofilament |
neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung[6] |
| neuron-specific enolase (NSE) |
neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer[6] |
| placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) |
seminoma, dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma[6] |
| prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
prostate[6] |
| PTPRC (CD45) |
lymphoma, leukemia, histiocytic tumor[6] |
| S100 protein |
melanoma, sarcoma (neurosarcoma, lipoma, chondrosarcoma), astrocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, salivary gland cancer, some types of adenocarcinoma, histiocytic tumor (dendritic cell, macrophage)[6] |
| smooth muscle actin (SMA) |
gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, PEComa[6] |
| synaptophysin |
neuroendocrine tumor[6] |
| thymidine kinase |
lymphoma, leukemia, lung cancer, prostate cancer |
| thyroglobulin (Tg) |
post-operative marker of thyroid cancer (but not in medullary thyroid cancer)[6] |
| thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) |
all types of thyroid cancer, lung cancer[6] |
| Tumor M2-PK |
colorectal cancer,[14] Breast cancer,[15][16] renal cell carcinoma[17][18] Lung cancer,[19][20] Pancreatic cancer,[21] Esophageal Cancer,[22] Stomach Cancer,[22]Cervical Cancer,[23] Ovarian Cancer,[24] |
| vimentin |
sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer, lung carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma[6] |
No comments:
Post a Comment